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The Impact of the EEA Agreement and EU Gas Market Liberalization Saarbrücken 2009: VDM Verlag ISBN 978-3-639-17725-1 432 pages. Dissseration
for the degree of dr.philos at University of Oslo, Norway
2009. Order from Amazon .. or write an e-mail to me ... or download the entire book for free here. ---Reference: Austvik, Ole Gunnar, 2009: The Norwegian State as Oil and Gas Entrepreneur. The Impact of the EEA Agreement and EU Gas Market Liberalization. Saarbrücken: VDM Verlag. NB: Proper reference to author, title and publisher must be made if you use the material in your own writings, being in your organization or in public. However, the documents cannot, partially or fully, be used for commercial purposes without a written permit. |
This book analyzes how Norway's integration with the European Union has contributed to change the Norwegian state's oil and natural gas entrepreneurship. The point of departure is that the Norwegian state was succesfully engaged in her petroleum industry from the 1970s as producer, regulator, law-maker and political and economic risk-taker. As a political entrepreneur the state could define social goals for activities and use regulative, legal and political measures to reach goals that private entrepreneurs do not have at their disposal. The European Economic Area (EEA) agreement from the 1990s challenged and changed the way the Norwegian state could continue the control and innovation of her comprehensive petroleum model. Norway adapted eventually de jure to EU directives and competition law. At the same time she gave their contents and interpretations a de facto Norwegian flavor. The analysis explains the unique mixture of state and private actitivites in the Norwegian petroleum sector, and sheds some light on European integration and variations in regulatory reform. It should be useful to people in academia, governments and regulatory authorities, professionals in the energy industry, as well as the society at large.
Book review Nov 2009: "Mild i form, sterk i innhold" (Norwegian only)
Table of contents
List of figures.................................................................................................. 9List of tables.................................................................................................... 11
Abbreviations .................................................................................................. 12
Introduction..................................................................................................... 15
Aim and scope of the study
A multidisciplinary approach
Relations to other studies
Study propositions1 Economic integration and political entrepreneurship................................. 35
1.1 Endogenous growth and the political entrepreneur
1.2 Welfare effects from economic integration
1.3 Integration levels and theories
1.4 The dynamics of economic integration processes
1.5 Exogenous change and domestic policy change
1.6 The interaction between external and domestic agents
1.7 Economic integration and political entrepreneurship2 The Norwegian state as oil and gas entrepreneur..................................... 101
2.1 The establishment and development of the petroleum industry
2.2 Statoil as political instrument
2.3 Exogenous change and Norwegian gas policy in the 1980s.
2.4 Petroleum fund and production levels
2.5 Exogenous change caused by integration with the EU
2.6 The state as regulator and capitalist
2.7 The Norwegian state as petroleum entrepreneur3 The EEA agreement changes the natural gas entrepreneurship............... 137
3.1 The EEA agreement in a multi-speed Europe
3.2 EU pressures for changing Norwegian natural gas policy
3.3 Strategy, conflict and cooperation with the EU
3.4 New solutions for natural gas activities on the NCS
3.5 The EEA agreement and Norwegian petroleum policy.
3.6 The EEA agreement and the state’s natural gas entrepreneurship4 Market liberalization and the entrepreneurial role of the state ................ 191
4.1 Main features of the European gas market
4.2 The boundaries between regulation and competition
4.3 The design of a fully liberalized European gas market
4.4 Market liberalization and prices
4.5 Effects on contractual forms and modulation
4.6 EU efforts to liberalize her natural gas markets
4.7 Taxation of natural gas usage
4.8 Market liberalization and the entrepreneurial role of the state5 Constraints to market liberalization and the political entrepreneurship... 257
5.1 Energy challenges for the EU
5.2 Intra-EU political constraints to market liberalization
5.3 External political constraints to market liberalization
5.4 Constraints from the non-renewable nature of natural gas supplies
5.5 Regulatory constraints to full market liberalization
5.6 Limits to market liberalization and the natural gas entrepreneurship6 Conclusions .................................................................................................... 359
6.1 Empirical findings
6.2 Evaluation of the theoretical approach
6.3 Contributions to understanding Norwegian petroleum policy
6.4 Contribution to understanding the Norwegian – EU relationship
6.5 Theoretical implicationsReferences......................................................................................................... 393
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MAIN PAGE, PUBLICATIONS, MINI C.V., LINKS, ABOUTNorsk gass, naturgass, gassdirektiv, EU, Europeiske Union, regulering, regulator, transmisjon, liberalisering, liberalisme, energiskatter, avgifter, Gassforhandlingsutvalget, GFU, Forsyningsutvalget, FU, Naturlig monopol, Oljedirektoratet, OD, Olje- og energidepartementet, OED, Ministry of Petroleum and energy, MPE, Statoil, Norsk Hydro, Petoro, Gassco, GasLed, Norge, Russland, Tyskland, Ruhrgas, Gaz de France, E?S, leveringssikkerhet, ressursrente, grunnrente, naturgass, monopolrente, rente, ?konomisk teori, reguleringsteori, regulerings?konomi, ikke-fornybare ressurser. Abbreviations: ATC Average total cost BCM Billion cubic metres BG British Gas BNOK Billion Norwegian kroner BP British Petroleum CAP Common Agricultural Policy CPI Consumer Price Index CC Common Carriage CEGB Central Electricity Generating Board (U.K.) CHP Combined heat and power CIS Commonwealth of Independent States CME Coordinated market economies Coreper Committee of Permanent Representatives (EU) DG Directorate General (EU) DOE Department of Energy (U.S.) DOP Deliver or pay EC European Community ECB European Central Bank ECSC European Coal and Steel Community EEA European Economic Area EEC European Economic Community EFTA European Free Trade Association EIA Energy Information Agency (DOE statistical division) EIP Entrepreneurship Indicators Project ESA EFTA Surveillance Authority EU European Union EU-6 Belgium, France Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands EU-10 Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estland, Hungary, Latvia, Litauen, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia EU-12 EU-10 + Romania and Bulgaria EU-15 EU-6 + Austria, Denmark, Finland, Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and the U.K. EU-25 EU-15 + EU-10 EU-27 EU-15 + EU-12 FERC Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (U.S.) FIN Ministry of Finance (Norway) FPC Federal Power Commission (U.S.) FTA Free Trade Area FU Forsyningsutvalget (Gas Supply Committee) GATT General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs GDP Gross domestic product GEMA Gas and Electricity Markets Authority (U.K.) GFU Gassforhandlingsutvalget (Gas Negotiation Committee) IEA International Energy Agency INTSOK Internasjonalisering av norsk sokkel (”Norwegian oil and gas partners”) IPE International political economy LDC Local Distribution Company LME Liberal market economies LNG Liquified Natural Gas LPG Liquified Petroleum Gases LRMC Long run marginal cost MBD Million barrels per day MC Marginal cost MFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Norway) MFN Most favoured nation MMBTU Million British termal units MMC Monopolies and Mergers Commission (U.K.) MOA Mandatory Open Access (IEA) MPE Ministry of Peteroleum and Energy (Norway) MITI Ministry of Industry and Trade (Japan) MTOE Million tons of oil equivalents NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NBIM Norges Bank Investment Management NCA Norwegian Competition Authority (Konkurransetilsynet) NCS Norwegian Continental Shelf) NGA Natural Gas Act (U.S.) NGF The “Norwegian Gas Factory” NGPA Natural Gas Policy Act (U.S.) NGL Natural Gas Liquids NGU Norges geologiske unders?keler (Norwegian Geological Survey) NOK Norwegian Krone NORSOK Norsk sokkels konkurranseposisjon (Norwegian shelf competitive position) NPD Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (Oljedirektoratet) NPM New Public Management OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OFFER Office of Electricity Regulation (U.K.) OFGAS Office of Gas Supply (U.K.) OFGEM Office of Gas and Electricity Markets (U.K.) OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries OA Open Access PSA Production Sharing Agreements PV Present value QMV Qualified majority voting SDC Shtokman Developing Company SDFI State Direct Financial Interests (Norwegian: SD?E) SD?E Statens direkte ?konomiske engasjement, see SDFI SGR Strategic Gas Reserves SMP Special Market Programs (U.S.) SO Statement of Objections (EU) SPR Strategic Petroleum Reserves SRMC Short run marginal cost SWF Sovereign Wealth Funds TOP Take-or-pay (contracts) TPA Third Party Access TSO Transmission System Operator USD U.S. Dollar VAT Value Added Tax WTO World Trade Organization WTP Willingness to pay WWI World War I WWII World War II Liberalisation
